antigun control essays

antigun control articles I. Intro. - Imagine you are sitting home one night with nothing to do. Your folks have left for the end of the week and there is positively nobody around. So you lounge around that late evening staring at the TV for a spell yet discover nothing on worth viewing. You go on upstairs to your room and prepare for bed. Mood killer the lights, set down, and close your eyes. Out of nowhere you here an accident of glass in your kitchen. You hurry to your feet and put your ear to the entryway tuning in to whats going on ground floor. You start to hear the voice of two men as they begin experiencing the family room, advancing toward the steps, directly outside your room. What do you do? You arent going to face them since its equitable you-recollect you thought you heard two of them right? Well you are truly stuck in your room and everything you can do is stay there trusting that they leave soon and dont hurt you. Presently in the event that it were at my home things would be somewhat unique. First of all I would get out my shotgun from my storage room and start to perceive what is gin on down steps. When those robbers saw me strolling around with a firearm, you better accept they would mull over staying any more. A. 39% of criminals prematurely ended a wrongdoing because of the casualty being outfitted B. 74% state they kept away from residences all together on the off chance that they believed they may be shot. One of the significant contentions against the hypothesis that weapon control would spare lives is that albeit 66% of all manslaughters are submitted with guns, gun controls would have no impact on crime, since human instinct is the thing that it is. Regardless of whether firearms vanished from the wrongdoing scene, crooks would supplant them with blades, clubs, tomahawks, or even clench hands. Firearms dont slaughter individuals, individuals murder individuals. Expressed basically, these violations happen on the grounds that a few people have come to abhor others, and they will keep on happening in some structure as long a ... <!

In Case Of and In the Event Of

In Case Of and In the Event Of In Case Of and In the Event Of In Case Of and In the Event Of By Maeve Maddox A peruser inquires as to whether there’s a distinction between these two expressions: Is there any distinction between in the event of and in case of? Some assume these two expressions are equivalent; others fight that if there should be an occurrence of is utilized when youre getting ready for something, for example Take an umbrella in the event that it downpours, while  in the occasion of while envisioning a spontaneous event, as in case of fire, utilize the crisis exit. What is your interpretation of this? The OED characterizes the combination â€Å"in case† as â€Å"in the occasion that; on the off chance that it ought to happen that.† On the Ngram Viewer, â€Å"in case of† is definitely more typical than â€Å"in the occasion of† from 1800 to 1917, yet then starts to plunge. In 2000, â€Å"in case of† is just marginally in front of â€Å"in the occasion of† in the English database. A Google search additionally demonstrates that â€Å"in case of† is increasingly normal: if there should be an occurrence of (290,000,000 results)â in case of (95,400,000 results)â With respect to â€Å"anticipating a spontaneous occurrence,† like a fire, a Google search shows that the expressions happen about similarly: in case of crisis: 28,400,000 resultsâ if there should be an occurrence of crisis: 29,600,000 resultsâ if there should be an occurrence of fire: 22,700,000 resultsâ in case of fire: 19,600,000 outcomes It appears to be evident that the two expressions are equal. Need to improve your English quickly a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Expressions classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:7 Types of Narrative ConflictProbable versus PossibleTypes of Plots

My Entirely Unexciting IAP

My Entirely Unexciting IAP So, compared to my IAPs of years past which I spent studying abroad in exotic locales (okay, maybe not so exotic), this IAP had been REALLY low-key. I basically just went home for six weeks. But I had a reason for doing so, you see. In a little bit more than 48 hours, I will be taking the monster of a test known as the Medical College Admissions Test, or the exam that tests your ability to choose correct responses to 144 multiple choice questions in the realms of biology, chemistry, organic chemistry, physics, and English in four and a half hours. (oh, and write two essays while youre at it) FUNNNNNN. (especially after spending the entire IAP poring over thousands of pages* of prep material). * no joke. i read through at least 3,000 pages of material this break. if you think the SAT is bad, wait till you get to the MCAT. But thats enough complaining on my end. IAP (or also known as January Term in some other colleges but MITs is very unique!), is one of the many reasons why I love MIT. Our IAP gives us the flexible opportunity to pursue study abroad opportunities (like what I did in my last two IAPs), to work on projects (both abroad through things like D-Lab, and on campus in research labs through UROPs), to enjoy the multitude of craziness that goes on on campus (see our IAP listing, and Mystery Hunt!!, see this years), or to just go home, chillax, and do something that you always wanted to do (like backpack across Europe in 4 weeks, which is what one of my friends is doing). I actually havent to date had one IAP on campus, but rather spending three different IAPs in three different countries. I think itll have to be next year. (this class still calls!! and Im finally 21 :P) I only regret that I have but four IAPs to spend during my tenure at MIT. =p Anywhoo, Im writing right now from a Starbucks on OFarrell St. in downtown San Francisco, where Im spending the last 5 days of my IAP. I arrived here yesterday amidst the pomp and circumstance of the unveiling of the Apple iPad (which, by now, you should know about unless youve been living under a rock in a barren desert devoid of Internet connection). I went to Yerba Buena Center for the Arts to find out what the hype was about, but I realized that there wasnt much to see from the outside, so I left, haha. IMO, iPad is basically a glorified iPod Touch, so perhaps this article did had some merit after all =p (oh, Mad TV predicted the coming of the iPad 3 years ago. since the video has PG-13 content I cant post it here, so please go youtube it =p) I 3 SF. Its great being back.

Information Security It Risk Management - 1795 Words

ITC 596 - IT Risk Management Professor: Michael Baron Table of Contents 1. Information security is Information risk management 3 2. Information Security Risk Assessment: The Qualitative Versus Quantitative 5 3. Perception of Risk 7 Reference 9 1. Information security is Information risk management Introduction The present Information Security technology seems insufficient to totally deal with all the ICT problems of the organization. As per Bob Blakley, Ellen McDermott and Dan Geer, the present security technology available doesn’t reduce the risk very effectively (Blakley, McDermott, Geer, 2002). A need is imminent to totally revamp the approach if the Organizations aspire to deal effectively with the problem. Information Security is essential because the technology used for processing data and generating information creates risks. Description From the business organizations point of view, Risk is an event with probability of occurring between zero to one and the effect of such event happening would be an amount of diminution of the business value. As per Bob Blakely et al, Cost of Risk is measurable in terms of Annualized Loss Expectation (ALE) - which is the expected cumulative cost of risk over a period of a year as estimated in advance. Business Organizations manage risk through mechanisms such as liability transfer, indemnification, mitigation, and retention. Once the information risk is sufficiently known,Show MoreRelatedInformation Security and Risk Management1473 Words   |  6 Pagesactivity. This reversal in focus by both individuals and institutions may simply be a natural response to the reduced capabilities of al-Qaeda and other terrorist networks, as confirmed by the leading authority on terrorism and its effects, and national security analyst for the CNN network, Peter Bergen, who observed recently that th e Obama administration has played a large role in reducing terrorist threats by continuing and scaling up many of former President George W. Bushs counter-terrorist methodsRead MoreInformation Security Risks And Risk Management1883 Words   |  8 Pagesused by organisations and charities wishing to exterminate the possible risks by assembly information security risk assessment (information security risk assessment). The ISRA is able to resolve the amount of the potential risk associated with an IT system. An ISRA method identifies an organization s security risks and provides a measured analysed security risk profile of critical assets in order to build plans to treat the risks hand would beneficial in health and social care to insure things areRead MoreInformation Security And Risk Management926 Words   |  4 Pagesand ISOL 533- Information Security and Risk Management. I also got an internship opportunity of a part time CPT with Sapot Systems Inc as a Software Engineer. The kno wledge and interest I had along with these courses, helped me to go that extra mile in my day to day job responsibility. Course learnings and It s impact on the Internship: Through ISOL-633, I got an extensive knowledge of Information security encompassing the US legal system and federal governance, security and privacy ofRead MoreInformation Security Risk Management2820 Words   |  12 PagesDiscussion As observed at the 4th International Conference on Global e-Security in London in June 2008, Information Security Risk Management (ISRM) is a major concern of organizations worldwide. Although the number of existing ISRM methodologies is enormous, in practice a lot of resources are invested by organizations in creating new ISRM methodologies in order to capture more accurately the risks of their complex information systems. This is a crucial knowledge-intensive process for organizationsRead MoreInformation Security Risk Analysis and Management2195 Words   |  9 PagesInformation security refers to the protection of information and its critical elements, including the systems and hardware that use, store, and transmit that information. An ideal organization usually comprises of the following layers of security put in place to safeguard its operations:- physical, operations, communications, networks, personnel, and information security. A risk can be defined as the probability that something unwanted will happen. Risk analysis and management therefore refers toRead MoreEssay Risk Management in Information Technology Security795 Words   |  4 PagesIS3110 Risk Management in Information Technology Security STUDENT COPY: Graded Assignments  © ITT Educational Services, Inc. All Rights Reserved. -73- Change Date: 05/25/2011 Unit 1 Assignment 1: Application of Risk Management Techniques Learning Objectives and Outcomes You will be able to identify different risk management techniques for the seven domains of a typical IT infrastructure and apply them under different situations. Assignment Requirements Introduction: As discussed in thisRead MoreAn Evaluation of Information Security and Risk Management Theories1903 Words   |  8 PagesAn abundance of information security and risk management theories are prevalent; however, it can be difficult to identify valid and applicable theories. In the reading to follow, several information security and risk management theories are evaluated. These theories are presented and employed via various frameworks, models, and best practice guidelines. An assessment of sufficient research pertaining to these theories is addressed, along with a consideration of the challenges that arise from aRead MoreManaging Information Security Risks: The Octave Approach1635 Words   |  6 PagesAlberts, C. Dorofee, A.(2003) Managing Information Security Risks: The OCTAVE Approach. New York: Addison Wesley. This work is a descriptive and yet process-oriented book on the concept of security risk assessment with a specific focus on new risk evaluation methodology, OCTAVE. The term OCTAVE is used to denote f Operationally Critical Threat, Asset, and Vulnerability Evaluation SM.It is important that organizations conduct a security risk evaluation in order for them to effectively evaluateRead MoreRisk Assessment : An Essential Part Of A Risk Management Process1046 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The risk assessment is an essential part of a risk management process designed to provide appropriate levels of security for information systems. The assessment approach analyzes the relationships among assets, threats, vulnerabilities and other elements. Security risk assessment should be a continuous activity. Thus, a comprehensive enterprise security risk assessment should be conducted at least once every two years to explore the risks associated with the organization’s information systemsRead MoreIs20071634 Words   |  7 Pages 0 INTRODUCTION 0.1 WHAT IS INFORMATION SECURITY? 0.2 WHY INFORMATION SECURITY IS NEEDED? 0.3 HOW TO ESTABLISH SECURITY REQUIREMENTS 0.4 ASSESSING SECURITY RISKS 0.5 SELECTING CONTROLS 0.6 INFORMATION SECURITY STARTING POINT Information security is defined as the preservation of confidentiality, integrity and availability of information †¦ Information security is defined as the preservation of confidentiality, integrity and availability of information †¦ 0.7 CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS

Nathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown - 978 Words

In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, Hawthorne explores darkness of human nature and its evil sources. The story explores a man journey as he tries to find himself in a society that has a high expectation on one’s morality. Young Goodman Brown represents innocent human being whose curiosity to see the other side of human morality exposes his own weakness. The story depicts a society that emphasize on good morals and values while at the same time there is a lot of immorality that happens in the darkness. Those in society, who are supposed to uphold high moral standards are the ones most corrupt and evil. Goodman Brown decides to journey through the forest despite his wife, Faith, warning him not to go until the sunrise. He instead says that he need to take the journey that night and come back by morning. His desire to go to the forest exposes his ego, which is a human nature, and the unconscious side of life. In the forest, there is a lot of evil things happening where the evil spirits are meeting and welcoming their new converts. He decides to leave behind his wife Faith, whom he knows very well, and instead decides to travel to unknown life. This shows the human nature of their hidden desire to the unknown. As he starts the journey, Faith pleads with him to postpone it but he does not want to listen to her which shows how humans behave when they desire overpowers their consciousness. There are voices or our conscious instinct that try to plead with people to not take the road theyShow MoreRelatedNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1543 Words   |  7 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawtho rne s short story of Young Goodman Brown, the author uses symbolism and allegories in order to showcase the Puritan faith as well as man s conflict between good and evil. This analysis will break down the techniques that the author uses to critique the puritan society and to show the difference between how people appear to be in society and the true colors that they are hidden inside of them. There has been a lot of great authors in our time, but none more interesting thanRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1065 Words   |  5 PagesWhen it comes to the topic of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown, most of us will readily agree that duplicity is a major theme in the piece, or the idea of different versions of reality. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of whether Hawthorne is implying that man is inherently evil. Whereas some are convinced that Young Goodman Brown was good until tainted by the Devil, others maintain that he was evil from the beginning and was completely aware of the evil heRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown905 Words   |  4 PagesThough Nathaniel Hawthorne is an author of many great works, his short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† still stays relevant because it has themes and subjects that are relatable in today s world. In the story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Good man Brown leaves his wife Faith, to go into the woods near Salem to have a meeting with the devil. Appearance vs. reality is shown in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† through the plot, the character of Goody Cloyse, and the symbol of the maple staff. The characterRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1312 Words   |  6 PagesWithin Nathaniel Hawthorne s short story Young Goodman Brown (p.317), Young Goodman Brown travels through a dark and mysterious forest late at night. Ignoring the pleas of his pure wife Faith, he ventures deep into the woods with many dangers around him, only to emerge in the morning a changed man with bewildered views on his own Puritan life and the Puritan community around him. At the cause for this change in mindset, the dream of an old man symbolizing the devil appears, showing him the communityRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown Essay1274 Words   |  6 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† the devil says, â€Å"Evil is the nature of mankind† (â€Å"Young† 627). Since Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit and attempted to hide conceal their sin from God, humans have tried to hide their sin from others. Although ever yone sin is human nature, everyone has a different reaction to sin. While some acknowledge sin, others ignore it. In Hawthorne’s other short story, â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† Father Hooper wears a black veil to represent the sin heRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown Essay1449 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a short story that is filled with symbols and mystery. Nathaniel Hawthorne provides plenty forms of symbolism for readers to digest. Hawthorne displays strong faith as the greatest virtue for a man or woman, and when the faith is compromised, one can be filled with skepticism and uncertainty towards the rest of the world. The story begins as a conventional allegory, creating the expectation that the characters will be able to consistently display the abstractions they symbolizeRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1695 Words   |  7 Pagesstory, Young Goodman Brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne is set in Puritan New England. Hawthorne uses symbolism, description, scenery, and Goodman’s journey to illustrate and symbolize the battle of good versus evil. In the first scene, we see how Young Goodman Brown leaves his wife, Faith, to start on his â€Å"evil† journey through the woods. Though Faith asks him to stay with her, he chooses to continue on even though he knows the evilness lies ahead. As the story continues, we see how Hawthorne uses FaithRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1492 Words   |  6 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story of Young Goodman Brown, the author uses symbolism and allegories in order to showcase the Puritan faith as well as man’s conflict between good and evil. This analysis will breakdown the techniques that the author uses to critique the puritan society, and to show the difference between how people appear to be in society and the true colors that they are hidden inside of them. There has been a lot of great authors in our time, but none more interesting than NathanielRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown2532 Words   |  11 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne’s short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† demonstrates how Goodman Brown leaves his wife, Faith, to do an errand within the woods with a man that is believed to be the devil. During the time period in which this took place, the 1620’s, many of the people from the village were practicing Puritanism. Puritanism is an intense practice of religion retrieved from Protestants, only removing its Catholic influence. When Goodman Brown entered the woods to meet the devil, he soon turned intoRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown894 Words   |  4 Pagesread. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, I found several romanticism characteristics to be in this story. One being, the emphasis on feelings and emotions. Nathaniel Hawthorne writes, â€Å"The cry of grief, rage, and terror was yet piercing through the night, when the unhappy husband held his breath for a response.† The cry of anguish and pain are very applicable to the protagonist idea in this story. Brown also expresses feeling when he doesn t want to leave his wife Faith, but he feels that it s his role to

Dbq Us Constitution Free Essays

From 1781 to 1789 the Articles of Confederation failed to provide the United States with an effective government. It acted as though a loose confederation, or â€Å"firm league of friendship. † The Articles of Confederation created a weak central government that linked the thirteen states in common problems such as foreign affairs, and a judicial arm. We will write a custom essay sample on Dbq: Us Constitution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although, there was no executive branch, which meant no leader to enforce laws. Also, the Congress was weak (it was designed that way), and therefore the government could merely advocate and appeal.The United States faced two main problems: the lack of the central government’s power, and its inability to collect and/or create revenue. Each state was in fact not very coherent with the central government. Nor were the states coherent with each other. The states possessed more control than the central government, as the Articles of Confederation forbade the government to command, coerce, or control. It could not act directly upon the individual citizens of sovereign states. Also, the government could only recommend laws, taxes, and other pieces of legislation to a state. Most often, when the government advocated for a law to be passed in a certain state, the state would reject the recommendation, like Rhode Island had done in 1782 (Doc. A). Moreover, the central government had no power to regulate commerce. This is due to how reluctant the states were to hand over control of taxation and commerce, after they had just won it from Great Britain. Without a central power to control these two aspects of the economy, the states were free to establish different, and often conflicting laws regarding tariffs and navigation. This led states to become only farther apart from each other, rather than more unified.Additionally, despite the weak, unsuccessful government, to make any change to the Articles of Confederation required unanimous ratification. Unanimity was near impossible, meaning that the Articles could never be amended. With a government this weak, people would lose confidence in it, and won’t realize the benefit of the liberty they won from the British (Doc. G). Next, the Articles of Confederation failed to allow the central government to collect revenue. In addition to the central government already being weak, it could not effectively collect taxes.Congress, dealing with a large war debt, could not even pay its own soldiers their promised money (Doc. C). Congress needed some form of revenue to get out of debt, so it established a tax quota for each of the states. It then asked each of them to contribute to their share on a voluntary basis. The government, lacking a president (executive branch), had no way to enforce this tax. Congress was lucky if they received one-fourth of their desired tax amount. Furthermore, Congress could not tax trade or any commerce; as for they did not set the regulations for it.Despite not fully â€Å"paying federal taxes†, states still scrambled to get money, and some ended up having to foreclose farms of debtors. Events like this in Massachusetts (along with the high taxes issued by the state), caused Shays’s Rebellion. This was occurred when a group of debtors demanded that the state issue paper money, lighten taxes, and suspend property takeovers. Even though the rebellion was crushed, it was a sign that in order for the United States to survive, a new constitution with a stronger federal government must be created.With a government so weak and ineffective, it is clear that the United States could not survive without a new constitution. This is evident through the lack of the central government’s power, and its inability to generate revenue. As time went by, more and more people began to realize this, which soon began the pursuit of the U. S. Constitution. Therefore, it is obvious that from 1781 to 1789 the Articles of Confederation did not provide the United States with an effective government. (American Pageant was textbook used) How to cite Dbq: Us Constitution, Papers

Life Insurance Risk and Pricing Components

Question: Discuss about theLife Insurance Risk and Pricing Components. Answer: Introduction This report gives a brief about an insurer or a re-insurer or a division of either. For this a particular division or a business class of an insurer has been taken that is currently underwritten. For that case, an analysis has been done on the risk exposures and pricing components related to that insurer or his/ her division. It is quite evident that insurance is one of the important sectors of business in todays volatile environment. In economic terms, an insurance policy refers to a contract between two parties- insured (policyholder) and insurer (insurance company). Policies may differ on the basis of the type of risk involved like insureds life, health, property, commercial, etc. Just like any other business, insurance business is also controlled by a regulating authority like Insurance Authority (IA) in UAE. In context of business, insurance policies are of critical significance due to various risks faced by them (Ć urak et al., 2009). The most important factors related to insurance policy are the cost of insurance and the risks involved. The cost of insurance is nothing but premium paid by the insured which is determined according to his risk profile. The risk is that component of insured for which he/ she needs protection. Being an insurer, he/ she have to face a pool of such risks. To be an owner of a profitable insurance business, he needs to hold a firm grip on these two components (Grossi, 2005). To undertake this research and analyse these factors of insurance, I have chosen facets of life insurance, in general. Before I start with the details of these facets, I would like to brief the concept of underwriting business in insurance sector with some insights of an insurers role and a re- insurers role. Insurer and Re-Insurer- A Brief Insurer Insurer is referred to as an entity who promises to reimburse pre- set losses or damages if they occur due to specified risks. This entity enters into a contractual agreement with counterparty (known as insured or policyholder) to indemnify his contingent liabilities by subrogating the insureds position. Generally, an insurer is an insurance company certified under the regulatory body of the country it is operating. Many a times, this insurer is also known as underwriter. An insurer has to perform several functions for its clients as well as for society. Reason being a robust sector of insurance in an economy is a barometer for development and modernisation. One of the core functions of an insurer is to facilitate risk management advices by providing superior insurance products and timely reimbursement of claims. As an insurer, they act as a pool of risk and large amount of funds. Hence, they are in a position to assist business people and even society to recover from losses. They also act as one of the largest employers and institutional investors in a country. Not only themselves, they have also encouraged business associates to invest in large volumes without caring about risk of loss. This accelerates an economys growth (Starc, 2014). Re- insurer The insurer or an insurance company which is discussed above is said to be a primary insurer. Such an insurer has to face unlimited risk. Hence, many times primary insurer also takes insurance from another insurance company to shift a part of its risk in return of premium. This other insurer is known as re- insurer. The process of taking re- insurance is also known as cession. The way to distinguish between an insurer and a re- insurer is that re- insurers generally have Re word after their names. Re-insurance helps in giving protection against natural disasters since primary insurer will not be able to reimburse such a large amount of claims alone. By shifting a part of their risk to re- insurer, they are able to benefit the entire society. The role of a re- insurer can be broadly classified under five heads, brief of which is given below. Facultative re- insurance: When primary insurance is large enough that it cannot be borne by a single insurer, then it requires re- insurance. Treaty re- insurance: a re- insurance taken for a basket full of similar risk. Proportional re- insurance: A proportion of premium and risk is pre- determined to be shared by primary insurer and re- insurer. Non- proportional re- insurance: The level of risk mitigated by the re- insurer depends on the size of loss incurred. Retrocession re- insurance: It is a situation when a re- insurer takes re- insurance from other. (Swartz, 2003) Underwriting- the concept Underwriting an insurance business simply means to undertake a business of insurance by critical evaluation of risk components. An insurer employs some officials or a team of them to gauge the intensity of risks associated with the clients on boarding or potential clients. Underwriters are responsible to calculate the risk associated with the insured and probability of claims that can occur in future. They carry out a detailed analysis to ascertain such factors and advise clients as to the coverage they need to optimally mitigate their risk. They also assist insurers to determine the cost of insurance policy or what should be charged from the insured in return of the protection given. They also advise whether to accept a particular risk or not. His main role is to safeguard insurers interests from taking too much risk. They hold a crucial importance in the application process of a policy. They divide all the clients of a company into various classes depending on their risk. They also have the responsibility to check frauds and misrepresentation on the part of clients. Hence, they give a critical component of pricing of policies (Murtaugh et al., 1995). Rationale of Life Insurance Business Life Insurance- Underwriting Features of the client Underwriters comments Advanced cancers, serious heart issues, diabetes and other chronic illness Table 16/P (400% surcharge) Table 9/I (225% surcharge) Multiple illness with high considerations Table 8/H (200% surcharge) Table 7/G (175% surcharge) Epilepsy, recent cancer- like serious disease that is resolved Table 6/F (150% surcharge) Table 5/E (125% surcharge) Highly overweight, hazardous health habits, diabetes, serious heart disease Table 4/D (100% surcharge) Table 3/C (75% surcharge) Overweight, cancer like serious disease that has been recently resolved, other chronic illness of family or client Table 2/B (50% surcharge) Table 1/A (25% surcharge) Little inferences on clients prior illness, family history- presence of chronic diseases, depression, anxiety, etc. are also present Standard (average premium) Obesity at a very mild stage, medical history of family says about possibility of death due to illness Standard plus (standard rates of premium are charged) Little inferences on familys medical history, general medicinal consumption for blood pressure, cholesterol, etc. Preferred (low premium) Appropriate weight, appropriate height, clients history of any ailment- Nil, familys history of chronic diseases- Nil Preferred plus (better than average risk, lower premiums are charged from this group) (Otlowski et al., 2007) Product Range Offered By a Life Insurer Although life insurance products are mainly concerned with giving protection against the life of an insured, but today, many other policies are also provided by life insurers. Annuities insurance Annuity insurance helps people to plan for their retirement. In such policies, insured or the policyholder has to pay some amount to insurer, may be in lump sum or may be in instalments, as desired by the insured. Interest is given on such payments. After stipulated period of time, insured will get regular income or a lump sum payment from these funds. Automobile insurance It is also known as auto insurance. If an automobile or a vehicle meets with an accident, then an auto insurer reimburses the losses to the owner under such a policy. Automobile owners pay an annual premium to insurer to avail such benefit where he/ she can get most of the losses recovered like damage to vehicle, etc. Flood insurance Such insurance gives protection against natural disasters. Often, cession is involved in such cases since the amount and number of claims will be large if contingent event occurs. Hence, these insurers give protection to the property owners against natural calamities like flood. Health insurance As the name suggests, health insurance gives protection on insureds health. It mitigates the expenses incurred in medical and surgical areas if any health issues are detected in the insured. Either they pay directly to care provider or they reimburse expenses to the insured. It is generally used in employee benefit packages. Typical life insurance Life insurance protects financial losses of the family of insured that may occur due to his accidental death. Beneficiary of the insured is entitled to all the claims. Hence, this insurer helps in safeguarding the adverse impact of premature death of the insured. However, the insured has to pay regular insurance premium. Travel insurance This insurance covers the contingent or uncertain expense related to a trip or while travelling. Such expenses may include expenses incurred due to trip cancellation, lost baggage, accidents or any other mis- happenings. They provide protection for international trips and as well as for in- border trips. Workmens compensation insurance Generally employers use such insurance as an employee benefit scheme to attract best talent pool in their organizations. During the job, if an employee meets with an accident or incurs any other type of expenses which are not certain, then they are payable by the employer. And, employer will get these expense reimbursed under this insurance (Gerber, 1997). Risk Components of Life Insurance Business If we talk about risk components of a life insurance business, we come to know that underwriters owe a major responsibility to evaluate all the factors that may pose a risk to insurance business. Being a protection seller, life insurer is exposed to unlimited risk which has been transferred by the insured. Not only that, like any other business enterprise, life insurance is also exposed to market risk and credit risk (Kawatkar Basu, 2013). The International Actuarial Association has embarked 5 major risks associated with life insurance division. They are liquidity risk, operational risk, market risk, credit risk and underwriting risk. Few of them are discussed below. Underwriting risk We have already discussed underwriting in detail. When an insurance company on- boards a client, i.e. an insurer enters into a contract with a policyholder, they carry a detailed research on the risk profile of the customer. This is what we call as underwriting. During this process, underwriters may make a mistake in analysis. It may also happen that a client misrepresents some facts and go undetected. These mistakes may lead to sever loss incurred by insurance companies. Such a risk of loss comes under the head of underwriting risk. If the hazards covered under the policy are not properly communicated or the underwriting process is not done effectively, then it may lead to serious consequences to the insurer (Kunreuther et al., 1995). Market risk Whatever business sector we discuss, market is a key component of every trade and business. And, it is also evident that market never seems to be placid. It is always so volatile and dynamic that it has consequences on businesses. Life insurance business is a no exception. The risk an insurer faces due to fluctuations in market facets like interest rates, prices of securities, etc. is known as market risk. Major components of market risk may include interest rate risk, equity risk, real estate risk, currency risk, basis points risk, re- investment risk, off balance sheet risk, etc. (Grosen Jrgensen, 2002). Credit risk If a counter party defaults to pay his/ her liabilities, then there is a risk to insurer to lose his stream of payments. Not only this, insurer has to incur some expenses even to send them legal summons to oblige to their duties. If there is a counter party default or a change in credit rating of counter party, then the risk faced by insurer is known as credit risk. Few examples may include business credit risk on the part of re- insurer, political risk, sovereignty risk or risk associated with non- performing assets (Lindskog McNeil, 2003). Recommended Steps to Mitigate Risk To mitigate the above listed risk factors, a life insurer must have a look of the following step by step guide on risk management. Step 1: Life insurers are generally big enterprises and they carry a big pool of risk. Hence, they have a critical need to have a separate risk management division in their business, which is responsible for mitigating the overall risk of business. Sometimes, this responsibility is given to senior managers. It should be kept in mind that they are risk takers and are also working as risk managers. These two conflicting roles may deter both the responsibilities. Hence, a separate risk management team is required. Step 2: Each department of a life insurance company must carefully analyse all the risk areas in depth and breadth that may affect their business adversely. A risk event is quite likely to trigger another risk event. So, all the cross- connections must be carefully identified. Step 3: Next step is to classify those risks under different heads as discussed above. For example, operational risk will require different strategy from that of a market risk. Therefore, risk facets should be organised under correct heads to give a correct direction to mitigation efforts. Step 4: Then is the stage to analyse the intensity of various types of risk that may have a severe financial impact and jotting down the results in quantitative terms. Step5: Lastly, those results are to be used to mitigate the risk and increase profitability. These results will help in formulating alternative courses of action that may reduce the companys exposure towards risk. Pricing of Life Insurance or Rate Making of Life Insurance Factors affecting price of insurance policy There are several factors that affect the pricing of a life insurance policy. Few of them depend on risk concerned, while few are based on demographic details of the client. Mostly considered components are age, gender, health habits, clients health records, medical history of family, lifestyle, driving record of the client and bottom line of the company. Generally, all the life insurers consider all of these basic components to decide the price of their insurance contract, which is known as premium. These factors determine the risk level of a client and hence suggests, to which category of underwriting a client belongs. Few of these components which are considered as most critical are discussed below. Age The most prominent and first question to be asked from a client is about the age. If the client is young, he is less likely to have chronic diseases and other health issues which are common at senior age. Besides that, the person is going to pay many premiums before there is a liability for the insurer to pay a claim, if arises. Hence, they are likely to pay low premium amounts. The case is vice versa for elderly people. Hence, it is recommended to the potential clients that they should take insurance at an early stage. Health habits Most common malpractice towards health is smoking and drinking. In context of insurance, a person who consumes alcohol or is a smoker is put under the head of high risk clients. This makes that person liable to pay more money for the same protection as compared to that of a non- smoker or a non- alcoholic. The difference is such that smokers have to pay double of what a non- smoker is paying. Your current habits depend on what you did in the past. So, an insurer is also keen to know about your past health records. They conduct a proper medical exam of a client in which all the health issues of the client are identified, whether they are related to past or present. A healthy person with clean health habits is likely to pay less and vice versa. Besides that, how much a person is concerned about his/ her life is also of utmost importance. If a client likes racing or trekking, then he/ she are likely to be a part of such things frequently and they are under a larger threat. Family medical history One cannot do anything with hereditary problems. But they impact a persons life. Insurers make sure that the family of the client do not have any history of chronic diseases. Only then, they will be allowed to pay lesser premium. Otherwise, as the intensity of such risk rises, the premium amount will rise in a direct relationship (Bacinello, 2003). Recommendations for Apt Pricing Policy of the Insurer Pricing is the only factor of business facets that is aimed at earning revenues, others incur costs. Hence, to maintain profitability, it must be critically analysed. No obtuse criteria should be used to determine premium of a policy. Premium rates should be determined after a rational statistical analysis of the losses that had occurred in past in the same risk area. The clients past records should also be checked thoroughly. But sometimes, past records analysis do not give best forecasts. So, stochastic and catastrophe modelling should be used by actuaries. Another important fact to be noted is that being a business enterprise, insurance company will set premiums to the level which can cover risk, loss, expenses and a good profit margin. Competition should not be avoided while determining pricing strategies. It should be kept at lower levels to attract customers. Hence, optimum level is to be decided to set premiums for all product ranges while complying with regulatory laws related to pricing of insurance. Conclusion Life insurance is one of the most prominent classes of insurance business. It includes cession as well. A life insurer, being a consortium of unlimited risks, takes insurance from a rather big insurer to shift a part of his risk exposure to re- insurer. Life insurance is typically about selling protection against life of the insured. But this business also involves a variety of other policies ranging from health insurance to travel insurance. Having such a diversified product range also increases the insurers risk exposure like market risk, credit risk, operational risk and underwriting risk. An insurance company needs to have a separate risk management team for controlling the adverse impact of these risks on business profitability. Besides that, pricing or rate making of insurance is also a critical aspect of insurance business. Various components are needed to be evaluated carefully by an actuarial analyst to decide the most appropriate price for the policy. References Bacinello, A.R., 2003. Pricing guaranteed life insurance participating policies with annual premiums and surrender option. North American Actuarial Journal, 7(3), pp.1-17. Ć urak, M., LonÄ ar, S. Poposki, K., 2009. Insurance sector development and economic growth in transition countries. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 34(3), pp.29-41. Gerber, H.U., 1997. Life insurance. Life Insurance Mathematics, pp.23-33. Grosen, A. Jrgensen, P.L., 2002. Life insurance liabilities at market value: an analysis of insolvency risk, bonus policy, and regulatory intervention rules in a barrier option framework. Journal of risk and insurance, 69(1), pp.63-91. Grossi, P., 2005. Catastrophe modeling: a new approach to managing risk. Springer Science Business Media, 25. Kawatkar, S. Basu, H., 2013. Risk Management Solvency Assessment of Life insurance companies. Institute of Actuaries of India (IAI). Kunreuther, H., Meszaros, J., Hogarth, R.M. Spranca, M., 1995. Ambiguity and underwriter decision processes. Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, 26(3), pp.337-52. Lindskog, F. McNeil, A.J., 2003. Common Poisson shock models: applications to insurance and credit risk modelling. Astin Bulletin, 33(02), pp.209-38. Murtaugh, C.M., Kemper, P. Spillman, B.C., 1995. Risky business: long-term care insurance underwriting. Inquiry. Otlowski, M. et al., 2007. Investigating genetic discrimination in the Australian life insurance sector: the use of genetic test results in underwriting, 1999-2003. Journal of law and medicine, 14(3), pp.367-96. Starc, A., 2014. insurer pricing and consumer welfare: Evidence from medigap. The RAND Journal of Economics, 45(1), pp.198-220. Swartz, K., 2003. Reinsuring risk to increase access to health insurance. The American Economic Review, 93(2), pp.283-87.

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buy custom Police Investigation essay Interrogation of Michael Crow. Michael Crow was a very popular and bright 12 year old girl. At night of January 21st 2009, Crow with a boy crept into the Stephanies bedroom. Stephanie was found dead, stabbed nine times with a hunting knife in the chest. The three boys of the age of 14 to 15 years old were all charged with the murder of Stephanie. However, their parents stood by them and insisted that the boys were being coerced. The police were accused of violence against the children (Lofman, 2007). This caused problems to the police investigators who were involved in the interrogation. The boys have not been found guilty. The lawyers of these three children insisted that the confessions were forced from them and should not be admissible. Nobody knows exactly what happened that night except these three boys. Trying to get information from them was futile and any attempt to probe more into the investigation only caused complains about the boys being coerced. (Swanso, 2002) The police did a good job in interrogating the boys. These boys needed to tell the truth about what happened that night. However, children, especially teenagers are very sensitive and should be dealt with differently. The police or the interrogation team should have been more patient and attentive to the boys. The other option would have been to treat them as children are treated and thinking in their level. In the recent years the number of sibling murders has increased. For example a case of a 15 year old boy who told the authorities that he had beaten his sister up to death. The motive of these childs murders is sibling rivalry. What interrogation methods should be used in childrens cases? Children are very sensitive and might not take violence as other people do. Therefore, children should be treated differently. Whether or not they are guilty they are still children and need to be treated as children. (Lofland, 2002) Emotion torture, psychological torture and physical torture can have a negative effect on the children. Violent treatment can result to permanent damage to the children. According to AD Redlich, law and psychiatry (2004), the ultimate goal tointerrogate a criminal is to get the required information to solve the case. Therefore, establishing the psychological control is very important in order to achieve the desired results. Police interrogations should not be based upon physical intimidation but should use a more sophisticated psychological manipulation. In the Crows case, the police should have used psychological manipulation. Gitmo Cases According to Chisun Lee, the National Law journal (2006), the Government lost almost 15 cases of the inmates after the inmates said they were witnesses of forcible interrogations from the police. One of the issues that amounted to the force was a wrongful detention. In ths case, the Government rejected all the evidences because the interrogators were accused of using verbal threats as well as physical abuse which they called torture. However, the Government won 8 cases against the inmates. (Lee, 2010) This has posed a big problem to the Unites States Government. This is because the Government thinks that the inmates are too dangerous to be released. On the other hand, these prisoners cannot be prosecuted in any court, military or civilian. This could have been avoided if the police not used excessive force in the interrogations. What would have been done differently? The police would have established a physiological control in order to achieve better results from the interrogations. The interrogations should not have been based on the physical treats and intimidating but a sophisticated psychological manipulation. Ad Redlch, Law and psychiatry (2004). The other method that could be used to do things differently is to control interrogation or have control of interrogations. The Government should borrow an evidence approach from the criminal law. In this approach the prosecutor can only succeed in proving the guilty or innocent of the person accused through arguing. This would help to avoid such events and accusations. The Putten Murder Willem Wagner, European review (2002), attributes that interrogation techniques that mislead or suggest may affect the innocence of the persons being accused. This is because such tactic affects the innocent people psychologically and they begin to envision themselves committing these crimes. This is evident in confessions which are obtained after many repeated interrogations in a long period. Therefore, confessions according to Willem case are not the good evidence to use in a case. This is because it contains the element of deception and suggestion. The Putten murder case is a case of two innocent men (Kapoor, 2003). These men were imprisoned for eight years yet they were innocent. The confessions from these two men were obtained after many repeated interrogations in a long period. These two men in the end confessed to the crimes that they did not commit. This caused a big problem to the interrogation team. The interrogation technique that they used resulted to the conviction of two innocent men while the culprit still walks the streets of Netherlands free. The main objective of criminal investigations, according to Willem, puts no limit on what is acceptable even though it is a known fact that false confession is a serious risk to the society and to the person being incriminated. This can be corrected and made right only if in the future the police investigations were c ontrolled and limited. There should be a law that restricts the use of excessive force during interrogations. On the other hand, this would pose another problem to the police force. This is because hard criminals would take addvantage of this fact or law and use it for their own benefits. Abuse of Iraqs Detainees The photos of the Iraq detainees abuse at the Abu Ghariab prison have left many people speechless. In the beginning of the case the detainees were willing to cooperate with interrogators. Later it was decoded that more information could be obtained from the detainees by the use of force and coercion. During the interrogation, the interrogators beat the detainees senselessly; they used fists and blunt objects. That specific detainee died while in the custody of the United States. He died before he could give the investigators the information they needed. Dr. Marvin Zalman (2007), Constitution and society, attributes that torture is prohibited. He states that inflicting pain on a prisoner, whether it is physical pain or mental pain, is inhuman. Every human being deserves to be treated with respect and dignity. The crime they are accused of committing should not be a reason to use torture and inflict pain (Zalman, 2007). The big question is what prisoners should be tortured? Should terr orists be tortured in order to obtain information from them? Is torture justified in such cases? Christopher Hickens, an English philosopher, makes a very important point when he attributes that a man who knows where the bomb is, puts the hooks into him swiftly. Is there anything like successful torture? The answer is definitely no! This is because torture always has a negative effect on both the prisoner and the interrogator. Physical and mental torture may not leave a mark that is noticeable but will leave a permanent mark that no eyes can perceive. The use of excessive force also forces people who are innocent to confess to the crimes they did not commit. This is because most of these people can not stand the torture any more. In this regard, interrogations should be controlled and regulated. There should be laws and rules that govern and restrict the use of excessive force. Torture is unnecessary and does not bear any positive results. The police investigators who are accused of using excessive force should be punished in a court of law. This is because the use of excessive force is a crime of its own kind. Therefore, countries, states and nations should put an end to the endless torture that goes on behind bars and in the interrogation rooms (Wagenaar, 2002). This vice should be put under strict control. Every human being has a right to be treated as a human being. This paper has analyzed five different cases that involved interrogation and have caused problems for the case. Similar cases are on the rise in many different countries. The finding of this paper is that the use of excessive force, inflicting physical or mental pain and torture are crimes which should be punished. 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Top Tips on How to Write a Screenplay

Top Tips on How to Write a Screenplay Top Tips on How to Write a Screenplay We’ve looked previously at the elements of a screenplay, but what about writing one? Are there any rules about how to do this? Well, not exactly. But we do have some great tips to share, so check out our guide below to find out more about writing scripts and screenplays. 1. Read Other Scripts Maybe you want to write a script because you’re a big fan of cinema. But have you ever tried reading a movie rather than watching one? This is a great way to see how most movie scripts use a three-act structure, as well as offering insights on how to write and format dialogue. An example of screenplay formatting. Try reading different types of script, too. For example, as well as reading the screenplay for your favorite movie, you can read one for a short film and an episode of a TV show. This will give you a better sense of how screenplays can vary and what you might want to write. 2. Create a Screenplay Outline Once you have an idea of the story you want to tell, you’ll be ready to outline your screenplay. This is like a blueprint for the screenplay proper. The amount of detail in an outline may vary, but it should include a breakdown of each act and scene you plan to include in the finished version. This will let you work out and finalize the story before you write it up in screenplay form. 3. Show, Don’t Tell Having a narrator in a screenplay is fine when done well, but it’s almost always better to use action to drive the story forward. So, instead of relying heavily on exposition, you should: Use strong action verbs wherever possible. For example, instead of saying someone is â€Å"running,† you could use a more descriptive term like â€Å"galloping† or â€Å"dashing† to reflect the tone or character of the scene. Let characters show who they are through dialogue and action. If you see your protagonist as â€Å"combative,† for instance, include a scene to establish this early on via the action (e.g., a confrontation between characters). Avoid unnecessary exposition by presenting story information as part of the action. If a character is talking at length about something that happened in the past, for example, you could instead insert a flashback to show the audience what happened. The key is that film and TV are primarily visual media, so â€Å"telling† the audience something is often a missed opportunity. By foregrounding action, on the other hand, your screenplay will become more dynamic. 4. Focus on the Writing It can be tempting to fill a script with stage or camera directions if you have an idea of how it should look. But unless you’re also directing the final version, this may not be your job! You should, of course, describe the action as best you can. But you can leave out mentions of close ups or instructions about scene transitions for now. These are usually added later in a shooting script, which comes after a studio has already bought a screenplay (or spec script). Summary: How to Write a Screenplay If you want to write a screenplay, there are a few things you might want to do: As well as watching movies and TV shows, read a range of scripts to get a sense of how they are presented and constructed. Outline the story, breaking it down by act and scene. This can help you work out story issues before you begin the screenplay. Remember that film and TV are visual media. As such, it is best to avoid too much exposition. Instead, use action to drive your story forward. Don’t worry about stage or camera directions in the first draft (unless you will be directing it yourself). Focus first on action and story. And, finally, don’t forget to have your screenplay checked by a professional to make sure it is error free and easy to read throughout.

Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of progressivism Essay - 1

Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of progressivism - Essay Example First, progressivism facilitated transparency in national governance. For instance, it led to the introduction of democratic elections in many American cities hence reducing the effects of partisan elections, which was a norm before the ideology.1 Additionally, the doctrine introduced referendum as a means of getting public consent before making changes to universally critical laws. Still on governance, people got control of the nation government through electing senators and other public office bearers for fair representation in government. Typically, the foundation and principles of democracy currently existing in the U.S had its origin back to the progressivism era. Secondly, progressive movement diluted the much negativity witnessed during the industrial growth since it was a post-industrial revolution ideology. For instance, despite the economic boom happening during that time, wealth was in the hands of a few wealthy people in the U.S locking out a primary part of the population from sharing the national cake. Consequently, progressivism introduced law reforms that enhanced equitable distribution of wealth to ensure that the majority of the people enjoyed national wealth. Additionally, the industrial revolution era promoted child labor and poor working conditions that risked the lives of many American citizens.2 Therefore, progressivism introduced child labor laws, minimum weekly working hours to 40 and minimum wage amongst other labor reforms. Thirdly, progressive movement facilitated the emergence of revolutionary public leaders who cared more about reforms than their individual gains.3 For instance, many government officials from political and non-political Circle worked towards ending corruption in municipal councils, public transportation, law enforcement and other public services. Moreover, the politicians ensured they enacted legislation that gave power to the people to control elected leaders. For instance, a law was passed that

Case INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM - Essay Example This is an investigative report on the effectiveness of community’s emergency management plan in reducing property loss. This paper is organized as follows. The first part will comprise a short investigative plan. The second part will look at the reasons why there was no implementation of a flood mitigation program. It will be concluded by an overview of the general principles governing the formulation and implementation of mitigation measures. â€Å"A more general definition that incorporates dynamic considerations is the To investigate and verify the emergency response to flooding incident and the consequential damage; To investigate the effectiveness of the emergency response and the sequence of events and actions taken during the flooding incident. During Superstorm Sandy, 70 % of the property in the flood prone area of Moonachie city was damaged. The aim of this section is to highlight the failures that led to the failure of the implementation of a flood mitigation program five years after the last flood. The residents of the city failed to hold the office of the mayor to account which contributed to laxity in the implementation of an effective policy of the flood mitigation program (Healy & Malhorta, 2009). Implementation of the flood mitigation program was hampered because there was no federal, state or city office or official that was willing to take responsibility of implementation (O’Sullivan et al, 2012). The voters of Moonachie city have never taken the political elite to task on disaster preparedness. Even when electing their leaders other issues take pre-eminence at the expense of disaster preparedness, this has led to little or no spending on disaster preparedness (Healey & Malhorta, 2009). The responsibility for disaster management cannot be the responsibility of the Federal government alone. As a result local leadership failed to take up its responsibility to steer the disaster preparation which affected their

Chemistry of All-carbon Materials: Structure and Properties

Chemistry of All-carbon Materials: Structure and Properties All-carbon materials have received lots of attention in the past. Carbyne, a new allotrope of carbon, is still in controversy towards its synthesis and property. Combining with the Goroff group’s research, this project is to prepare the polymer PIDA (polydiiododiacetylene) as a polyrotaxane complex, encapsulated in a column of macrocyclic hosts. The polyrotaxane structure will prevent aggregation of the PIDA strands, allowing for the complete dehalogenation of the polymer to make carbyne. The proposed route is shown in Scheme 1.1. PIDA, a precursor of carbyne, can be made from diiodobutadiyne and macrocyclic hosts via topochemical polymerization and host-guest strategy, in which macrocyclic host will self-assemble into column structure and diiodobutadiyne will form halogen bonds with host. All-carbon materials have been widely investigated because of their potential properties, such as electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and hardness. They exist in different morphologies with various properties, such as diamond, graphite, carbon nanotube, graphere, fullerene and carbyne . Diamond, consisting of all sp3 hybridized carbons, has many unusual properties, such as extreme hardness, high optical transmittance and wide band gap and so on.1 Because of these potential properties, the synthesis of diamond is of great interest. It can be synthesized through chemical vapor deposition, including hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD); high frequency plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD); and DC plasma discharge.1b Graphite is made of sp2 hybridized carbon. It has a layered honeycomb structure and behaves as a good conductor.2 Fullerenes exist in different sizes, such as C60, C70 and C82. The C60 fullerene was first reported by Kroto and coworkers.3 It is an all-carbon polyhedral cage molecule with each atom sp2 hybridized and directly bonded to three neighbors. All valences of carbon atom in the molecule are satisfied by two single bonds and one double bond. Graphene is single atom thick layer of graphite, which can be used in composite material , electric battery and hydrogen storage.4 Carbon nanotubes usually have cylindrical nanostructure and made of different length-to-diameter ratio. Because of its special electrical, electrochemical and optical properties, carbon nanotubes were widely investigated in electronics, biological and energy application.5 Carbyne, having all-sp-hybridized carbon, is highly reactive. Carbyne, an sp hybridized all-carbon chain, is a new allotrope of carbon and has potential special properties as all carbon material, which has attracted considerable interest since discovery back in 1960. Because of its instability, it is less well known than the other carbon allotropes. The investigation of carbyne or carbyne-like structures is still underway while the results are often unclear. Researchers have tried to synthesize carbyne or carbyne-like materials in several ways, such as chemical dehydrohalogenation and electrochemical synthesis. Evsyukov et al.6 studied dehydrohalogenation of poly (ethylene-alt-chlorotrifluoroethylene)(PE-a-CTFE)to make carbyne. PE-a-CTFE was treated with potassium tert-butoxide in tetrahydrofuran to form a halogen-substituted polyenyne structure with randomly distributed isolated triple bonds. Theoretically, the synthesis was showed below. Elimination of hydrogen halides was incomplete, which could result from the insufficient strength of the base, sterical hindrances caused by its bulkiness and alternation defects in the original copolymer. Wang and coworkers7 claimed to form carbyne-like material via electrochemical method. 1, 1, 2-trichloroethylene was dehydrochlorinated with t-buthanolate, which was formed from t-butylalcohol on a Ni cathode in dimethylsulfoxide electrolyte solution under anaerobic conditions. However, this method was not effective because of reactive carbon, oxidation with O2 and cross-linking of polyyne-like chains. In above reports, no evidence of formation of carbyne is observed and the properties of carbyne remain unrealized. Recently, polyynes, analogues of carbyne, have been widely investigated to predict the properties of carbyne. Polyynes are one-dimensional chains with alternating single and triple bonds. The synthesis of long polyynes chains was first reported by Walton and coworkers.8 They used Cu-catalyzed oxidative Hay coupling techniques to synthesize triethylsilyl-capped polyynes. Tykwinski and coworkers also synthesized several polyynes with a variety of end groups, in which bulky end groups would increase the stability and solubility of polyynes. In 2010, Tykwinski reported the synthesis of polyynes with as manys as 44 sp-carbons.9 They used bulky tris(3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)methyl (Tr) as end groups and stabilize the chain. The synthesis method is shown in Scheme 1.4. When the polyynes become larger and larger, the effect on stability of end groups becomes insufficient. In order to overcome this issue, some researchers encapsulated polyynes into macrocycles to form rotaxanes or polyrotaxanes. Sugiyama and coworkers10 prepared pseudo-rotaxanes and rotaxanes with cyclodextrin simultaneously to stabilize and to solubilize the carbyne chains. Tykwinski and coworkers11 synthesized polyyne rotaxanes with 4, 6 and 10 triple bonds in length through active copper-templated coupling. Inspired by these cases, I am trying to design a polyrotaxane, allowing for complete dehalogenation of PIDA to make carbyne. Polydiacetylenes (PDAs), conjugated polymers with alternating double and triple bonds in the backbone, are prepared via topochemical polymerization of aligned diynes. Generally, topochemical polymerizations occur in a condensed phase, in which the monomers are preorganized and the final structures of the product are determined by the preorganization. In 1969, the synthesis of PDA was first described by Wegner,12 introducing the 1, 4-polymization of monomers. In addition, Baughman demonstrated how 1, 4-polymerization of diynes works and reported necessary parameters for the 1, 4-polymerization.13 The monomers are held in alignment. The distance between adjacent monomers is near 5 Ã…. The intermolecular distance of reacting carbons (C4 and C1’) is close to 3.5 Ã…, which is close to the van der Waals radius of carbon. The tilt angle between monomer diyne and the vertical translation axis should be 45 °. Ideal 1, 4-polymerization of diynes is showed below. Host-guest strategy is used to describe how monomers are aligned for polymerization. Different molecules or ions are held together by some forces to form complexes. In order for topochemical polymerization, monomers should be aligned to meet the geometric requirements. However, some monomers cannot form the right geometry required to polymerize. Host-guest strategy is applied to adjust the monomers to meet the requirements reported by Baughman. Here, hydrogen bonding and halogen bonding work in 1, 4-polymerization through host-guest strategy. Recently, Fowler and Lauher developed different kinds of diyne monomers to undergo 1, 4-polymerization using the host-guest strategy. In this way, the diyne monomers played the role of guests, which then formed hydrogen bonds with host molecules. The host molecules possessing oxalamides and ureas self-assembled into a structure via hydrogen bonding. Because of hydrogen bonding interactions, the diyne monomers were aligned in proper geometry for 1, 4-polymerization. The following is an example of host-gust strategy for one diyne.14 In the cocrystals, the oxalamide host molecule was organized through hydrogen bond with a repeat distance of 4.97 Ã…. The nicotinyl ester groups of the diyne guest monomers form strong pyridine-carboxylic acid hydrogen bonds to the host molecules. In addition to Fowler and Lauher’ work, the Goroff group also showed halogen bonding interaction could be applied for 1, 4-polymerization with the host-guest strategy. sp2 and sp hybridized carbon is more electronegative than iodine. Iodoalkynes behaves as Lewis acids and form halogen bonds with Lewis bases, such as pyridine and nitriles. The following is an example of host-gust strategy for diiodobutadiyne (figure 1.3).15 In this case, diiodobutadiyne played the role of guest. The hosts with oxalamide group were also organized through hydrogen bonds and designed to align diiodobutadiyne in the right geometry for 1, 4-topochemcal polymerization. The repeat distance of diyne monomers was 5.11 Ã…. The tilt angle was 51 °. Halogen bonds (XBs) is a non-covalent interaction which consists of halogen atom and other neutral atom or anions. The general structure of halogen bonds is showed in Figure 1.4.16 In this structure, X is halogen atom, which accepts electron density. It can be Lewis acid and halogen bond donor. D is the one donate electron density, which behaves as Lewis base and halogen bond acceptor. Y is a carbon, nitrogen, or halogen atom. The investigation of XB has been continuing for near 200 years. In 1863, the first report on the ability of halogen atoms to form well-defined adducts with electron donor species was described by Frederick Guthrie.17 In his experiment, I2 was added to saturated ammonium salt (nitrate or carbonate) and a diiodine/ ammonia system NH3†¢I2 formed. After exposed to air, it decomposes spontaneously into ammonia and iodine, without permanent gas being evolved. After that, halogen bonds became widely investigated. H. A. Benesi and J. H. Hildebrand identified the iodine-benzene complexe through UV-vis spectra in 1948.18 In 1954, Hassel’s group used X-ray to show the structure of bromine 1, 4-dioxanate.19 The experiment showed there was a short intermolecular interaction between the oxygen atoms of dioxane and bromine atoms. The interaction was halogen bond. The distance of O−Br bond was just 2.71 Ã…, which indicated a strong interaction between the bromine and oxygen atom s. Pierangleo Metrangolo and Guiseppe Resnati, whose research focused on halogen bonds, summarized the characteristic of halogen bonds and their interaction.16, 20 Polarizability increases when you move down the periodic table from fluorine atom to the iodine atom. This makes Cl, Br and I have the positive potential charge, which is showed in Figure 1.5. When the halogen atom is attached to an electron-withdrawing group, the positively polarized area will increase. On the one hand, the halogen atom can be the acceptor of electron density. On the other hand, the positive charge locates at sphere’s end, which is surrounded by electron neutral ring and negative charge belt. Because of the special location of positive charge, the angle of covalent bond and noncovalent bond around halogen atom in D†¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢X—Y is near 180 °. This is consistent with research results. Hongjian Jin et al.21 used diiodobutadiyne and bis(pyridyl)oxalamides to make cocrystal, whi ch was based on halogen bonds between pyridine group’s nitrogen and iodine. Polymerization of cocrystal was induced under 3.5 GPa pressure. Although the N†¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢I—C angle changed after polymerization, both angles were still near 180 °. They were 169.7 ° and 161.4 °. Investigation of halogen bonds examples in the Cambridge Structure Database is also shown. Metrangolo and Resnati16, 20 showed that halogen bond was relative stronger than hydrogen bond. However, a halogen is larger and more polarizable than hydrogen and halogen bonds are more sensitive to steric hindrance than hydrogen bonds. Halogen atom, electron acceptor in XBs, has some general characteristics. Among the four halogen atoms, the order for forming strong halogen bonding is I >Br > Cl >F. The more electron withdrawing atom is, the stronger is the halogen bonds. As to halocarbons, the strength order for halogen bonding is C-X (sp)>C-X (sp2)> C-X (sp3). If the halocarbons are unfunctionalized monohaloalkanes, no halogen bonds are observed. Diiodobutadiyne, in which the C is sp hybridized, is a good Lewis acid.22 The Goroff group used diiodobutadiyne as a guest to make poly (diiododiacetylene) (PIDA) with several hosts. Self-assembly of macrocycles Supramolecular chemistry is a rapidly growing field, emphasizing on assembly of discrete molecules. Traditional chemistry deals with covalent interaction while supramolecular chemistry focuses more on noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding23, van der Waals forces24 and Ï€-Ï€ interactions25. Self-assembly, a main process involved in supramolecular chemistry, will take advantage of these noncovalent interactions to organize discrete molecules into high order structures. Macrocycles, which have cyclic structures with other functional groups, can be self-assembled in a specific manner to form high order structures. Here I will introduce the self-assembly of macrocycles through hydrogen bonding and Ï€-Ï€ interactions. Ï€-Ï€ interactions, well known noncovalent intermolecular interactions, play important roles in self-assembly of macrocycles. The arrangement of aromatic rings has following geometries, such as face-to-face, edge-to-face and slipped stack. Hill and coworkers26 synthesized amphiphilic hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene, self-assembling via Ï€-Ï€ stacking to form a discrete nanotubular object. The object has a uniform and 14-nanometer-wide hollow space. Lauher and coworkers27 also took advantage of Ï€-Ï€ stacking to design a tubular macrocyclic polymer. The monomer structure and route to a tubular polymer are shown in Figure 1.7. The diacetylene-based macrocycles self-assembled into polymerizable slipped Ï€-Ï€ stack and polymerized via slow annealing. The macrocycle had two different crystalline forms, which were monoclinic and triclinic form, respectively. After slow annealing at 40 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, the triclinic forms appeared to undergo crystal-to-crystal polymeriz ation. Hydrogen bond is an attraction force involves a hydrogen and strong electronegative atom, such as oxygen, nitrogen and fluorine. The electronegative atoms behave as hydrogen bond acceptor and hydrogen is hydrogen bond donor.28 Macrocyclic peptides and ureas can form high order tubular structures via hydrogen bonds. Ghadiri and coworkers29 used cyclo[-(L-Gln-D-Ala-L-Glu-D-Ala)2-] to self-assemble into hollow tubes via amide hydrogen bonds. Shimizu and coworkers30 also took advantage of amide hydrogen bond to organize diacetylene macrocycles for topochemical polymerization. In addition, Shimizu and coworkers used macrocyclic bis-ureas to self-assemble into columnar structures through urea hydrogen bonds. In the structure of macrocyclic bis-ureas, two hydrogen atoms in NH group are hydrogen bond donors and the carbonyl groups are hydrogen bond acceptors. The structures of the macrocyclic ureas are shown in figure 1.8. In 2001, they used bis-urea macrocycles with m-xylene to form the sel f-assembly tubular structures.31 The m-xylene kept the macrocycles rigid. However, this macrocycle formed intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Another bis-urea macrocycle with m-phenylether avoided forming intramolecular hydrogen bonds and organized into tubular structures with ordered acetic acid dimer filling inside as guest. The columns were stabilized by hydrogen bonding as well as Ï€-Ï€ staking interactions of phenylether. Except ureas, oxalamides are also used to form hydrogen bonding networks (figure 1.8). The repeat distances are 4.6 Ã… and 5.0 Ã…, respectively.33 Inspired by above work, we plan to design a macrocycle with pyridine, alkyne and oxalamide segments. Pyridine and alkyne segments provide beneficial rigidity, helping the macrocycles cocrystalize with diiodobutadiyne through halogen bonds. oxalamide segments are used for forming hydrogen bonding networks.

Where Do These Measurements Come from?

Today almost all women try to lose a few kilograms. But to tell the truth, every woman in the world wants to look like a top model. If they could only dream about a fantastic figure, it was ok. Unfortunately some of them try to achieve this, and sometimes it becomes a big problem. Usually, top models have parameters 90-60-90. There are several versions of the beginning of these, but the real reason is laziness. These numbers were chosen by designers because this is easier to make clothes only for one little size. It happened in the middle of XX century, when mannequins began to demonstrate the clothes.So thinness became fashionable. A woman spends on diets about 10 years of her life. But according to statistics, only 10% of men prefer thin women. Losing weight the woman notices that she likes herself, her man like her, and not only he. But psychologists say that men like women’s confidence and not lost weight. Sometimes a woman wants to lose weight to be better than her friend s. Firstly a diet unites women, but if one of them is more successful, other start to envy her. Also the woman wants to be like actresses or young singers.In addition to this, it is a fact that woman has hard time losing weight. For example, due to unbalanced diet a woman suffers from depressions. A lack of glucose disturbs the thought processes. Moreover long diets reduce the level of estrogen-the hormone of attractiveness. Often, losing weight women cannot stop. According to Wikipedia (2012) â€Å"The thinner one gets, the fatter they think they are. †(para. 2). Later, it becomes a terrible disease â€Å"Anorexia nervosa†. â€Å"Anorexia nervosa† often occurs with young girls. They have this illness because of their paranoia.They want to have it themselves and cannot stop. Macrae (2007) claims that â€Å"Dr. Mann’s research showed that up to two-thirds of dieters put on all the weight they lose-and moreover a four to five-year period. †(para. 12) . Unfortunately, the most of girls already do not have so much time. They die, and nothing can save their lives. In conclusion, I want to add that every second woman returns to her previous weight, and every third woman even gets more. Therefore, it is better for girls not to torment themselves with diets trying to suit the generally accepted standards.

Most Noticeable Personal Writing Essay Samples

Most Noticeable Personal Writing Essay Samples If you don't, it is possible to actually hurt your odds of admission. For example, there isn't any suitable means of drafting a college application essay. A lot of flawless college admission essay examples exhibit characteristics which could be noticed in each one of the samples. Among the points to take into consideration when searching for a sample essay about yourself is the grade of the paper. The Argument About Personal Writing Essay Samples Additionally, there are samples of personal profiles that are used for internet networking websites like Facebook and LinkedIn. When you surf our site for recommendations that may help you write your own essay, you will come across many helpful tips. Share what you consider the topic. Note you ought to be able to demonstrate everything which you include in your private profile like your skills to the reader. In the event you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact ProfEssays.com. Since writing a profile essay can seem to be a tedious activity to some, ensuring that you've got the most suitable info, subject and knowing the right approach to write will provide you with a simpler experience. There are several narrative essay topic areas you might pick from, including travel reports, in which you could relate you have travel experiences. Things You Should Know About Personal Writing Essay Samples Keep in mind, an admission essay sample may be a good way to find out more about the writing procedure and understand the task better. The essay is broken up into three major components. The sample essays can help you in organizing your efforts. The personal essay is among the most common sorts of writing assignment--and not just in freshman composition courses. When you look at the outline of the essay and see the manner in which every particular section is introduced, you get a firm grasp of the way to do a fantastic job. In an instance of a profile essay you'll be able to sum up a paragraph by giving the effect of the details explained. Restate your thesis, summarize the principal points which you have stated in body paragraphs and leave your reader with a specific emotion, based on the topic of your paper. Your paragraphs do not connect one another's meaning and the whole thought of your essay may be incomprehensible. Once you get a compelling topic, choose the principal idea you would like to communicate and introduce it using a bang. Hence, it is going to be sort of your own research and a means to express own thoughts. You should give a mental image of the individual or the place you're writing about. You may also select a person that you've always had a difficult or problematic relationship with. When looking for a personal essay example, it is likewise highly recommended that you consider the conditions of use as outlined by different sources. After you've determined the aim of your essay, you're know what information has to be included and the way that it has to be presented. The simplest way to find out the form of an essay is to realize the writer's point of view. Ask three distinct experts what a personal essay is and you'll probably get three distinct answers. There's no ideal solution on the best way to compose an effective essay. Our private statement writers would love to present a set of private statement examples for your reference. To compose an impressive short essay, especially during an examination, you should be in a position to hit the question and give a straightforward answer while at the very same time observing the proper structure of an essay. Your life story may also be regarded as an amazing topic in writing your private essay. Writing of academic essays is among the most fascinating academic experiences. Essays, generally, covers different topics. Writing an essay is an essential role in academe life. Narrative essays are frequently the norm in academia. Unlike another kind of essays, personal essays are somewhat more flexible and versatile. A personal essay grants you the prerogative to express in yourself in a way which you are comfortable. Indeed, essay topics may vary. Then, it is going to be required to choose a topic for your own personal essay, and after it, you will be prepared to compose your paper. Recall unpleasant moments that you discover very helpful for your private development. Frequently, the story will appear to get no true point. The intention of the essays is to express your individual capabilities, character traits, ideas and ideas, which will force you to look different from several other applicants and present you as a creative, committed and intelligent individual. A well written example ought to be centered on the subject, clear in points and simple to read.

Is Global Warming A Real Threat Essay - 1770 Words

Is global warming a real threat to the world or just a myth? Global warming is in fact real and is both seen and felt by humans. Yet, it is complicated finding a solution for it because of all the factors that are at play and the opposition of people who do not believe it is a real issue. Many countries rely on fossil fuels to both produce goods and generate power for homes, and it would cost a vast number of money to change to different alternatives. As a result human activity would have to decrease to a significant ratio and environmental policies implemented to prevent the climate from increasing more than it already is. Before we go further into global warming and its impact, it is important to point out that there have been other events in the world that have made governments and countries aware that the actions that they make can create a big difference. For example, in the 1800’s, â€Å"Britain’s Parliament enacted the Corn Laws†, (Balaam, Dillman p. 35). It was a system of tariffs that restricted the import of food from other countries’ into Britain. Britain wanted to depend on itself and protect its gains, yet in 1845 the Irish Potato famine occurred and gave Britain no other option than to repeal its tariffs and import food to feed their people. The Corn Laws were later repealed and it marked the interaction of free trade and every country in the world benefited from the outcome. Considering, â€Å"The transition was not smooth, however, and took a long time- importantShow MoreRelatedClimate Warming : Global Warming Essay1095 Words   |  5 PagesCurrently, the temperature of the earth’s climate system continues to rapidly increase which leads to global warming. Global warming, by definition is the â€Å"gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth’s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutantsâ⠂¬ (Webster’s). 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